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1995-07-17
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Using associations
Associations are special values that act like matrices, except
that they are more general (and slower) than normal matrices.
Unlike matrices, associations can be indexed by arbitrary values.
For example, if 'val' was an association, you could do the following:
val['hello'] = 11;
val[4.5] = val['hello'];
print val[9/2];
and 11 would be printed.
Associations are created by the 'assoc' function. It takes no
arguments, and simply returns an empty association. You can then
insert elements into the association by indexing the returned value
as shown above.
Associations are multi-dimensional. You can index them using one to
four dimensions as desired, and the elements with different numbers
of dimensions will remain separated. For example, 'val[3]' and
'val[3,0]' can both be used in the same association and will be
distinct elements.
When references are made to undefined elements of an association,
a null value is simply returned. Therefore no bounds errors can
occur when indexing an association. Assignments of a null value
to an element of an association does not delete the element, but
a later reference to that element will return the null value as if
the element was undefined. Elements with null values are implicitly
created on certain other operations which require an address to be
taken, such as the += operator and using & in a function call.
The elements of an association are stored in a hash table for
quick access. The index values are hashed to select the correct
hash chain for a small sequential search for the element. The hash
table will be resized as necessary as the number of entries in
the association becomes larger.
The size function returns the number of elements in an association.
This size will include elements with null values.
Double bracket indexing can be used for associations to walk through
the elements of the association. The order that the elements are
returned in as the index increases is essentially random. Any
change made to the association can reorder the elements, this making
a sequential scan through the elements difficult.
The search and rsearch functions can search for an element in an
association which has the specified value. They return the index
of the found element, or a NULL value if the value was not found.
Associations can be copied by an assignment, and can be compared
for equality. But no other operations on associations have meaning,
and are illegal.